Diabesity An Emerging Epidemic and Advances in Treatment

Abstract

Background: Diabesity, the coexistence of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), has emerged as a significant global public health issue. Characterized by shared pathophysiology, including insulin resistance and chronic inflammation, diabesity substantially increases the risk of complications such as cardiovascular disease and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Objectives: This paper reviews the interconnection between obesity and T2DM, emphasizing recent advancements in management, including pharmacological treatments, surgical interventions, and innovative technologies. Methods: A systematic review was conducted using databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane Library to identify studies published in the past decade. Key areas of focus included GLP-1 receptor agonists, SGLT-2 inhibitors, bariatric surgery, microbiome-targeted therapies, and artificial intelligence applications in diabesity management. Results: Pharmacological advancements, such as GLP-1 receptor agonists (e.g., semaglutide) and dual-action agents (e.g., tirzepatide), significantly improved weight loss and glycemic control. SGLT-2 inhibitors demonstrated additional cardiovascular and renal benefits. Bariatric surgery provided long-term metabolic improvements for severe cases, while emerging technologies like wearable devices and microbiome research offered promising personalized treatment approaches. Conclusions: The integration of advanced pharmacological treatments, surgical interventions, and innovative technologies has revolutionized diabesity management. Public health strategies focusing on early intervention, prevention, and equitable healthcare access are critical to addressing this epidemic. Future research should focus on long-term efficacy, cost-effectiveness, and region-specific strategies to combat diabesity.